Ad Hominem Fallacy
An ad hominem fallacy attacks the person making an argument instead of addressing the argument's substance. This logical error distracts from valid points by focusing on irrelevant personal characteristics.
Addition Rule of Inference in Formal Logic
The addition rule in formal logic allows inferring a disjunction from a single proposition. It states that if P is true, then P or Q must also be true, regardless…
Actual World in Modal Logic
The actual world in modal logic refers to the real world we inhabit, distinct from hypothetical or possible worlds explored in modal reasoning and counterfactual scenarios.
Accessibility Relation in Modal Logic
An accessibility relation in modal logic defines the connections between possible worlds in a model. It dictates which worlds are reachable from a given world, fundamental for interpreting modal operators…
Abstraction Principle
An abstraction principle is a formula stating that two abstract objects are identical if and only if the objects they are derived from are equivalent. It defines how to form…
Abstraction Operator
The abstraction operator is a function implicitly defined by an abstraction principle. It's a core concept in various fields, enabling the creation of higher-level concepts from more basic ones.
Abstraction in Computing and Beyond
Abstraction simplifies complex systems by focusing on essential details while hiding unnecessary information. It's fundamental to problem-solving, software development, and understanding various phenomena.
Abstract Object
An abstract object is a conceptual entity, existing as a type or idea rather than a physical presence in space and time. It represents general concepts and properties, not specific…
Absorption Law in Logic
The absorption law states that if P implies Q, then adding a conjunction R to P does not alter the implication P → Q ≡ (P ∧ R) → Q.
Abelian Logic
Abelian logic is a specific type of relevance logic. It notably rejects the inference rule of contraction while accepting the axiom ((A → B) → B) → A, distinguishing it…