Non-Standard Models in Logic and Mathematics
A non-standard model adheres to a theory's axioms but possesses unintended properties. It's crucial for demonstrating a theory's consistency and independence, offering deep insights into its structure.
Non-Standard Logics
Explore logics that deviate from or expand classical logic. This includes many-valued, modal, and other non-classical systems, offering diverse approaches to reasoning and truth.
Non-deterministic Turing Machine
A theoretical computational model where each step allows multiple choices, enabling simultaneous exploration of various execution paths. It's fundamental in complexity theory, particularly for understanding P vs. NP.
Non-deterministic Polynomial Time (NP)
NP is a complexity class for decision problems. A 'yes' answer can be verified in polynomial time by a deterministic machine with a correct certificate. It's crucial in computer science.
Non-Commutative Logic
Explore non-commutative logic, where operation order matters, unlike classical logic's commutative properties. Understand its implications for computation, reasoning, and formal systems.
Non-Classical Logic
Explore logics beyond classical assumptions. This includes intuitionistic, many-valued, and modal systems, offering diverse frameworks for reasoning and computation.
Non-Alethic Modal Logic
A branch of modal logic exploring modes of truth beyond necessity and possibility. It encompasses deontic logic (duty/permission) and epistemic logic (knowledge/belief), expanding the scope of logical analysis to ethical…
Nominalism Explained
Nominalism posits that abstract concepts, general terms, and universals lack independent existence, serving merely as names or labels for collections of individual objects.
New Foundations
Quine's New Foundations is a set theory designed to bypass paradoxes of naive set theory. It uses a unique axiom schema to permit a universal set, offering a different approach…
Neo-Logicism in the Philosophy of Mathematics
Neo-logicism revives the logicist project of grounding mathematics in logic. It addresses criticisms of traditional logicism with new insights and approaches, aiming for a robust foundation for mathematical truths.