Overview
A clitic is a word or morpheme that is phonologically dependent on another word (the host) but is grammatically distinct. It functions like an affix but is often treated as a separate word in syntactic analysis. Clitics cannot be pronounced in isolation and must attach to a host word.
Key Concepts
Types of Clitics
Clitics are often categorized by their position relative to the host:
- Enclitics: Attach to the end of a host (e.g., ‘s in English, like in It’s).
- Proclitics: Attach to the beginning of a host (e.g., French object pronouns like le in le voir).
Phonological vs. Grammatical Independence
While phonologically bound, clitics often have their own syntactic and semantic roles, distinguishing them from regular affixes which are purely morphological.
Deep Dive
Clitic Doubling
In some languages, clitics can be doubled, appearing both before and after the verb, especially in questions or specific constructions. For example, in Spanish: ¿Me lo has dado? (Have you given it to me?). Here, me and lo are object clitics.
Clitic Clusters
Languages can have sequences of clitics attached to a single host, forming clitic clusters. The order within these clusters is often fixed and language-specific.
Applications
The study of clitics is crucial for understanding phonological rules, word order variations, and the interaction between phonology and syntax in various languages. They are important in linguistic typology and theoretical linguistics.
Challenges & Misconceptions
Distinguishing clitics from affixes can be challenging, as the line can be blurry. Some argue that clitics are simply phonologically realized as part of the host, while others emphasize their independent grammatical properties.
FAQs
What is an example of a clitic?
The possessive ‘s in English (e.g., John’s) and the contracted forms of auxiliary verbs (e.g., don’t, isn’t) are common examples of English clitics.
Are pronouns clitics?
In many languages, object and subject pronouns function as clitics, attaching to verbs or other host words. This is common in Romance languages.