Understanding Relative Clauses
A relative clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a type of subordinate clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase. It typically begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) or a relative adverb (where, when, why).
Key Concepts
Relative clauses add descriptive information. They are broadly categorized into two main types:
- Defining Relative Clauses: These are essential for identifying the noun they modify. If removed, the meaning of the sentence changes. They are not set off by commas. Example: The book that I read was fascinating.
- Non-Defining Relative Clauses: These provide extra, non-essential information. The sentence still makes sense if the clause is removed. They are set off by commas. Example: My brother, who lives in London, is visiting next week.
Deep Dive: Relative Pronouns and Adverbs
The choice of relative pronoun or adverb depends on the noun it refers to and its function within the clause.
- Who/Whom: Used for people. Who as a subject, whom as an object.
- Which: Used for things or animals.
- That: Used for people, things, or animals (often interchangeable with who or which in defining clauses).
- Whose: Shows possession.
- Where: Refers to a place.
- When: Refers to a time.
- Why: Refers to a reason.
Applications in Writing
Relative clauses are fundamental in constructing complex sentences. They allow writers to:
- Add specific details without creating short, choppy sentences.
- Combine two related ideas into a single, more sophisticated sentence.
- Improve the flow and coherence of written text.
Challenges and Misconceptions
A common point of confusion is the distinction between defining and non-defining clauses and the correct use of commas. Another challenge is the proper use of who versus whom.
FAQs
Q: Can a relative clause stand alone?
A: No, relative clauses are dependent clauses and cannot form a complete sentence on their own.
Q: When do I use ‘that’ versus ‘which’?
A: Use ‘that’ for defining clauses (essential information) and ‘which’ for non-defining clauses (extra information), typically set off by commas.