Overview
In conversation analysis, a dispreferred second part refers to a response that deviates from the expected or preferred response in a sequence. Preferred seconds are typically direct, immediate, and affirmative (e.g., an ‘okay’ to a request). Dispreferred seconds, conversely, are often delayed, indirect, or negative, signaling hesitation, disagreement, or avoidance.
Key Concepts
Dispreferred seconds are characterized by several features:
- Delay: Pauses or silence before responding.
- Prefaces: Use of discourse markers like ‘well,’ ‘uh,’ or ‘um.’
- Mitigation: Softening the blow of a negative response (e.g., ‘I’m not sure…’).
- Accounts: Providing reasons or justifications for the dispreferred response.
- Negation: Directly stating disagreement or refusal.
Deep Dive
The study of dispreferred seconds highlights the social organization of talk. The preference for agreement and acceptance shapes how speakers construct their turns. When a dispreferred response occurs, it often requires careful management to maintain social harmony. The choice of a dispreferred strategy can convey nuanced social information about the relationship between speakers and the context of the interaction.
Applications
Understanding dispreferred seconds is crucial in various fields:
- Therapy: Recognizing hesitation in patient responses.
- Negotiations: Identifying subtle rejections or stalls.
- Customer Service: Analyzing customer dissatisfaction cues.
- Intercultural Communication: Differences in preference organization across cultures.
Challenges & Misconceptions
A common misconception is that all delays indicate disagreement. However, delays can also signal thoughtfulness or the need to retrieve information. Furthermore, what is considered ‘dispreferred’ can be culturally and contextually dependent. Mistaking a dispreferred for rudeness can lead to social friction.
FAQs
What is a preferred second?
A preferred second is an immediate, direct, and affirmative response to an initial turn, such as an acceptance of an offer or agreement with a statement.
How do dispreferred seconds affect conversations?
They can signal potential conflict, require more interactional work to resolve, and reveal underlying attitudes or relationships between participants.
Are dispreferred seconds always negative?
While often associated with negative responses like refusal or disagreement, they can also indicate careful consideration or a need for clarification.