Permutation is a structural rule in logic that enables the exchange of two formulas on the same side of an…
A particular proposition in traditional logic makes a claim about some, but not all, members of a class. It contrasts…
A paradox presents a statement or situation that appears self-contradictory, defying common sense and challenging our fundamental understanding of logic,…
An open term is an expression in a formal language with free variables. It doesn't represent a specific object or…
The open pair paradox involves two statements that contradict each other, creating a logical loop. It highlights challenges in self-referential…
An open formula in a formal language is an expression with unbound variables. Its truth value depends on the specific…
Obversion is a logical operation transforming a categorical proposition into an equivalent statement. It involves negating the predicate and changing…
Numerical quantifiers specify exact quantities for predicates, like 'exactly three' or 'at least five'. They are crucial in formal logic…
A standardized method for structuring logical formulas like CNF or DNF. Normal forms simplify logical expressions, aiding in analysis, comparison,…
Explore non-commutative logic, where operation order matters, unlike classical logic's commutative properties. Understand its implications for computation, reasoning, and formal…