The weak excluded middle asserts that for any proposition P, either P or not-P is provable. This differs from classical…
A weak counterexample in intuitionistic logic signifies a lack of positive evidence for an instance of the law of excluded…
A strong counterexample in intuitionistic logic disproves an instance of the law of excluded middle. It's a proof of negation,…
Quantum logic is a non-classical system exploring the unique principles of quantum mechanics. It challenges traditional logic, questioning axioms like…
FDE is a logical system that allows propositions to be both true and false, or neither, rejecting the law of…
Dialethic logic, a philosophical approach, challenges the traditional law of non-contradiction by accepting the possibility of true contradictions. It explores…
Contradictory statements cannot both be true or both be false. They represent opposing propositions where one negates the other, forming…
Constructive mathematics emphasizes mathematical objects that are provably constructible and computable. It avoids non-constructive proofs, like those relying on the…
Bivalence asserts that every proposition is definitively either true or false, a cornerstone of classical logic. It excludes the possibility…