A property of a function or relation that stays the same regardless of the order of its input elements. Essential…
Monotonic logic ensures that adding new information never invalidates existing conclusions. This property guarantees that derived truths remain valid as…
Explore the concept of 'left field' as a term used to describe an unexpected or unconventional element. Discover its origins,…
An involution is a mathematical operation that, when applied twice, reverts to the original state. It's a function where f(f(x))…
A deductive argument that doesn't logically guarantee its conclusion. It's flawed in structure, meaning the premises, even if true, don't…
An invalid argument is one where the conclusion does not logically follow from its premises, even if the premises are…
An intensional definition outlines the core properties and characteristics of a concept, focusing on its inherent meaning rather than listing…
An informal fallacy is a flaw in reasoning found in everyday language. It arises from issues like ambiguity or irrelevance,…
An implicit definition defines an entity by its relationships to other concepts rather than by direct enumeration of its properties.…
Free logic is a formal system that permits terms without existing referents, unlike classical logic, which presumes all terms denote…