A specification relation defines how one specification relates to another, ensuring consistency and traceability. It's crucial for managing complex systems…
An evaluation relation defines how the value of an expression is determined. It specifies the rules for reducing expressions to…
A verification constraint is a condition that must be met for a system or process to be considered valid. It…
Many-sorted logic enhances first-order logic by introducing multiple domains. Variables and quantifiers are typed, specifying the sort of objects they…
Instantiation is the core process of replacing bound variables with specific constants. This action effectively removes quantifiers, leading to concrete…
A higher-order quantifier binds variables that range over properties, relations, or functions, rather than individuals. This allows for more expressive…
Higher-order logic extends first-order logic by enabling quantification over predicates and other higher-order entities. It offers greater expressive power for…
Dynamic modal logic explores necessary and possible connections between events. It extends traditional modal logic to analyze how states change…
Constructive mathematics emphasizes mathematical objects that are provably constructible and computable. It avoids non-constructive proofs, like those relying on the…
Chronological logic, also known as temporal modal logic, deals with reasoning about time and events. It extends classical logic by…