The gambler's fallacy is the mistaken belief that past random events influence future ones. This cognitive bias often leads to…
Fuzzy logic is a many-valued logic that deals with degrees of truth and certainty, moving beyond traditional true/false. It enables…
A free variable in logic and mathematics is one not bound by quantifiers or assigned a specific value. It represents…
Free logic is a formal system that permits terms without existing referents, unlike classical logic, which presumes all terms denote…
A formal proof is a rigorous demonstration of truth within a formal system. Each step is precisely justified by a…
A finitary formal system uses only finite operations, proofs, and expressions. It relies on objects constructible in a finite number…
Extensional logic focuses on the actual sets of things terms refer to, rather than their meanings. Truth depends only on…
An equivalence relation is a fundamental concept in mathematics. It's a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive, establishing…
A dense relation means that between any two related elements, there's always a third element that fits the relation. This…
A De Morgan negation is a fundamental logical operator characterized by its adherence to double negation elimination. It asserts that…