Probability calculus is the mathematical field dedicated to the study of probability. It provides the laws and formulas essential for…
An infinitesimal is a quantity approaching zero but not zero, crucial in non-standard analysis. It allows for rigorous calculus using…
The domain defines the set of all permissible inputs for a function or the scope of a logical argument. It's…
A dense relation means that between any two related elements, there's always a third element that fits the relation. This…
Real values represent all numbers on the number line, including rational and irrational quantities. They are fundamental to calculus, analysis,…