A higher-order quantifier binds variables that range over properties, relations, or functions, rather than individuals. This allows for more expressive…
Higher-order logic extends first-order logic by enabling quantification over predicates and other higher-order entities. It offers greater expressive power for…
Fuzzy logic is a many-valued logic that deals with degrees of truth and certainty, moving beyond traditional true/false. It enables…
First-order variables are placeholders for individuals within a specific domain in first-order logic. They are fundamental to expressing general statements…
Erotetic logic is the formal study of questions. It examines question structures, their logical relationships with answers, and the principles…
A specialized field of modal logic focusing on formalizing reasoning about knowledge and belief. It uses modal operators to represent…
Dynamic modal logic explores necessary and possible connections between events. It extends traditional modal logic to analyze how states change…
Co-reference identifies expressions that refer to the same entity. It's crucial for understanding text flow, resolving pronouns, and enabling machines…
Chronological logic, also known as temporal modal logic, deals with reasoning about time and events. It extends classical logic by…
Causal modal logic extends standard modal logic with modalities for necessity, possibility, and causal relations. It enables formal analysis of…