A philosophical puzzle in language and logic, the Caesar problem questions if mathematical concepts like 'successor' can apply to non-mathematical…
A collection of paradoxes and logical exercises attributed to Jean Buridan, challenging logical and linguistic intuitions. These sophismata explore complex…
A modal logic inspired by L.E.J. Brouwer's intuitionism. It grounds possibility in constructivist mathematics, offering a unique perspective on necessity…
The bottom symbol (⊥), also known as the symbol for contradiction or absurdity, is a fundamental concept in logic. It…
A borderline case exists at the edge of defined categories, presenting challenges for strict classification. These situations test the boundaries…
Bivalence asserts that every proposition is definitively either true or false, a cornerstone of classical logic. It excludes the possibility…
The Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov (BHK) interpretation equates statement truth with proof existence, forming the core of constructivist logic. It emphasizes constructive evidence…
Frege's Basic Law V aimed to ground arithmetic in logic. It states that the extension of a concept is defined…
The Barcan formula in modal logic states that if something exists, then it necessarily exists. It explores the relationship between…
Barbara (AAA) is a standard Aristotelian syllogism with three universal affirmative propositions. It follows the structure: All M are P,…