A mechanical device designed to perform formal logic operations. Examples include the Stanhope Demonstrator and Jevon's logic piano, showcasing early…
Instantiation is the core process of replacing bound variables with specific constants. This action effectively removes quantifiers, leading to concrete…
A powerful form of abductive reasoning, inference to the best explanation guides us to accept the hypothesis that provides the…
Inference is the process of drawing logical conclusions from established facts or premises. It's a fundamental cognitive skill used in…
Inductive arguments offer probable support for their conclusions, unlike deductive arguments. They rely on patterns and evidence to suggest what…
Inclusive first-order logic is a flexible variant that permits empty domains, unlike standard first-order logic which mandates at least one…
Hybrid logic enhances modal logic by allowing direct reference to specific worlds within models. This increases expressiveness, enabling more precise…
A homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between algebraic structures of the same type. It ensures that operations like addition and…
The halting problem asks if it's possible to determine if any given program will halt or run forever. Alan Turing…
The gambler's fallacy is the mistaken belief that past random events influence future ones. This cognitive bias often leads to…