Second-order logic enhances first-order logic by enabling quantification over predicates and relations, not just individuals. It offers greater expressive power…
A sea battle, often referred to in philosophical contexts like Aristotle's, explores concepts of necessity, possibility, and future contingents. It…
Scope defines the extent of an operator's or quantifier's influence within a logical formula. Understanding scope is crucial for correctly…
A schema is a template or pattern used in logic to represent a class of similar statements or propositions. It's…
Satisfiability determines if a logical formula can be true under any interpretation. It's a fundamental concept in computer science, forming…
Satisfaction in model theory describes the relationship between a structure and a sentence, where the structure makes the sentence true…
Salve veritate, a Latin phrase meaning "with truth unchanged," signifies substitutions in logic that preserve truth values. It's crucial for…
A rule of inference is a logical structure that allows deriving a conclusion from a set of premises. It's fundamental…
The Ross Paradox highlights challenges in formalizing moral reasoning. It questions how imperatives, like 'Either do your homework or go…
Robinson arithmetic is a simplified version of Peano arithmetic, omitting the induction axiom schema. It provides a weaker yet still…