A non-standard model adheres to a theory's axioms but possesses unintended properties. It's crucial for demonstrating a theory's consistency and…
Explore logics that deviate from or expand classical logic. This includes many-valued, modal, and other non-classical systems, offering diverse approaches…
A theoretical computational model where each step allows multiple choices, enabling simultaneous exploration of various execution paths. It's fundamental in…
NP is a complexity class for decision problems. A 'yes' answer can be verified in polynomial time by a deterministic…
Explore non-commutative logic, where operation order matters, unlike classical logic's commutative properties. Understand its implications for computation, reasoning, and formal…
Explore logics beyond classical assumptions. This includes intuitionistic, many-valued, and modal systems, offering diverse frameworks for reasoning and computation.
A branch of modal logic exploring modes of truth beyond necessity and possibility. It encompasses deontic logic (duty/permission) and epistemic…
Nominalism posits that abstract concepts, general terms, and universals lack independent existence, serving merely as names or labels for collections…
Quine's New Foundations is a set theory designed to bypass paradoxes of naive set theory. It uses a unique axiom…
Neo-logicism revives the logicist project of grounding mathematics in logic. It addresses criticisms of traditional logicism with new insights and…